I.   FORCES AND GRAVITATIONAL MOTIONS
    A.  Kepler's Laws
    B.  Newton's Laws
    C.  Measuring Mass with Orbiting Bodies
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II.  LIGHT
    A.  Blackbody Laws
    B.  Spectroscopy
    C.  Doppler and Inverse-Square Laws
    D.  Radian Measure and Angular Resolution of a Telescope  (Diffraction)
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III.  STARS
    A.  Luminosities, Radii, and Temperatures
    B.  Spectral Types
    C.  Fusion Reactions, Stellar Lifetimes, and Cluster Ages
    D.  Nuclear Binding Energy Curves, Fusion and Fission, Abundances of the Chemical Elements
    E.  Neutrons Stars as Pulsars, and as tests of General
        Relativity.
    F.  Black Hole Binaries in the Milky Way.
IV.   BLACK HOLES, and GENERAL RELATIVITY, Einstein's theory of gravity
     (this serves as both outline and summary)
     A.   Constancy of the speed of light implies Special Theory of Relativity
     B.   Spacetime
     C.   FLATLAND:  a 2-dimensional world; spatial curvature can be grasped intuitively in that world.
     D.   Space-(time) near a black hole.
     E.   The Equivalence Principle implies the General Theory
     F.   Matter curves spacetime, spacetime curvature determines the trajectory of light and matter.
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V.     Our MILKY WAY GALAXY*****
      A. Discovery that we're out in the boondocks: absorption and reddening of starlight and sunlight.
      B.  100 billion stars!  100 thousand light years across!
      C.  Galactic Structure.  Populations I and II.  The Winding Dilemma.
      D   Interstellar travel/Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence
      E.     Dark Matter in the Milky Way
     	 1.  MACHO hypothesis
  	2.  WIMP hypothesis
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VI.   OTHER GALAXIES  (once called Island Universes)
      A.   Shapley-Curtis Debate on the "Spiral Nebulae" (1920).
      B.   The Local Group of Galaxies.
      C.    Hubble's tuning fork classifications: from book.
      D.   Rotation Curves and Dark Matter in other Spiral Galaxies
      E.    Hot Gas Reveals Dark Matter in Elliptical Galaxies
      F.    Great Galaxy Clusters
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VII.  EXPANSION OF THE UNIVERSE
A.    Hubble's Law
B.   FIVE STUNNING CONSEQUENCES of Hubble's Law
     1.  Universe is uniformly expanding!
     2.  Can get approximate age of Universe!
     3.  Can get approx. distances to all extragalactic objects!
     4.  Can look back in time to see early Universe!
     5.  There's a "horizon" past which we can never see!
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VIII.  EVIDENCE FOR THE BIG BANG.
     A.  Hubble's Law
     B.  Olber's Paradox
     C.  Cosmic Microwave Background
     D.  Evidence for evolution with lookback time
     E.  Ages of star clusters and white dwarfs
     F.  Abundances of the light elements!!
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IX.    ACTIVE GALACTIC NUCLEI:  Seyfert Galaxies, Radio Galaxies, and Quasars,
     A.  Historical Introduction.
     B.  Discovery of Seyfert galaxies - 1943;  permitted and forbidden emission lines.
     C.  Discovery of Radio Galaxies - 1953
     D.  Discovery of Quasars - 1963;
         superluminal motions in some - 1970's
         Great Debate on the distances to the quasars
     E.  The "Unified Model" for Geometrical Orientation
     F.  Unification of the optical spectral types with spectropolarimetry
     G.  Superluminal motion and the Beam Model
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X.        Supermassive Black Holes as AGN Power Sources
     A.  Engineer's view:  Eddington limit on accretion rate, black hole masses, energy conversion efficiency.
     B.  Physicist's view:
         1)  Accretion disks,
         2)  General Relativity and spacetime near Black Holes
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XI.   MACROSCOPIC COSMOLOGY (large-scale structure and evolution)
     A.  Birchoff's Theorem splits cosmology into two parts, the Macroscopic and the Microscopic.  The Critical Density.
     B.  Cosmology before the acceleration was discovered:
         Only 3 possibilities:
         Closed (finite, "3-dimensional sphere")
         Open (infinite, "3-dimensional saddle")
         Critical case (infinite, flat)
     C.  Classical Cosmological Tests:
         1.  Density - critical density test - YES, except for accel.
         2.  Deviations from Hubble Law (similar to deviations from inverse square law)
             - acceleration AND deceleration?  JACKPOT:  distant supernovae!!
         4.  JACKPOT: Deviations from Small Angle Formula - curvature test -
             from Cosmic Microwave Background fluctuations.
             The "Power Spectrum" concept.  Interpreting CMB anisotropies
         5.  Age Test (HELPFUL)
         6.  Dark Energy - nature and implications -
XII.    MICROSCOPIC COSMOLOGY
       A.  Information needed to understand The First 3 Minutes.
       1.  Light element and isotope abundances
       2.  Thermal Equilibrium; Threshold Temperatures.
       3.  Matter/antimatter asymmetry
       4.  Interconversion of protons and neutrons
       5.  Conserved quantities
XIII.   The FIRST THREE MINUTES!!! (starting from 0.01 seconds)
       1.  First Snapshot Frame: t=0.01s, T=1x10^11K, ~one billion each of photons, electrons, positrons, neutrinos, and antineutrinos, plus one baryon! Equal numbers of protons and neutrons.
       2.    ...Third Frame, t=1.1s, T=1x10^10K, Decoupling of primordial neutrinos. Only 17% of baryons are neutrons.
       3.    Fifth Frame, t=3min, T=1x10^9K. Electrons and positrons annihilated, with one in a billion electrons left over!  Neutrons decaying spontaneously.
        4.   Fifth-plus Frame:  3 3/4 minutes.  Cool enough for Deuterium to survive!  12% of baryons are protons,  resulting in 24% Helium!  Matching the final D abundance to the observed value requires a baryon density  =  0.05 x the Critical Density!
        5.  Final details of Primordial Nucleosynthesis
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If there is time:
XIV.    SEARCH FOR EXTRATERRESTRIL INTELLIGENCE
       why the aliens will be so far ahead of us. the Zoo Hypothesis, a bit on Interstellar Travel
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XV. Believe it or Not?  Critical Thinking.